The Salem Witch Trials Of Salem Village And Salem Town

Life in the New England colonies during the 1600’s proved to be harsh with the constant fear of Native American attacks, scarce food, freezing winters, and conflicting opinions about religion. From this perpetual state of distress, the Salem Witch Trials were birthed, causing a wave of hysteria in Salem Village and Salem Town. Though the exact day and month is uncertain, historians can claim that the trials emerged in early 1692 and came to a close in 1693. The Salem Witch Trials started in 1692 with more than one hundred fifty people being accused of practicing witchcraft, and the trials finally ended with the courts declaring there was no evidence in the cases being tried, and the Governor stopped the trials because his wife was accused.†¦show more content†¦Also, ergot is known to cause gangrene which causes tissue to die in parts of the body and often results in limbs becoming numb and turning black. Logically speaking, it would have been recorded somewhere that t here were several individuals with black limbs if the ergot theory were true. After the doctor’s analysis, the townspeople then gathered up all of the girls with the symptoms. The collected girls accused three women: Sarah Good, an odd homeless woman who lived the streets of Salem Village, Sarah Osborne, who had married her servant and rarely attended the church meetings, and Tituba, an Indian slave from Barbados who was in service of Reverend Samuel Parris. Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne denied the accusations, while Tituba confessed, and claimed there were multiple other witches working by her side in Salem. This started the hysterical beginning of the Salem Witch trials, which resulted in many women, men, and children being accused of practicing witchcraft. Out of the one hundred fifty people accused in Salem, twenty of them were executed as witches, while others rotted away and died in jail. The people of Salem did not discriminate who they executed or who they sent to jail so the result was a diverse range of citizens being accused. Nineteen of the twenty executed were hanged on Gallows Hill: Bridget Bishop, Reverend George Burroughs who was the only Puritan ministerShow MoreRelatedSalem Witch Trials1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a series of trials in which twenty-four people were killed after being accused of practicing witchcraft. These trials were caused by different social climates of the area including the very strong lack of a governor, the split between Salem Village and Salem Town, and the strict puritan lifestyle during the time period. Tituba, the black slave, was a foreigner from Barbados. Her role in society was to take care of Mr. Parris’s family. Tituba’s situation contributedRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials On Society And Religious Belief1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch trials are an infamous moment in American history , portraying old American thought on society and religious belief. Throughout the years, scholars have adopted theories to exp lain one of America’s greatest mysteries. In light of such theories, it becomes apparent that there is no magic to explain the decisions that the people of Salem made, but was rather fueled by jealousy of economic success and religious misguidance. Several theories explain the cause of the witchcraft accusationsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough many people have their assumptions as to what specifically caused the Salem Witch Trials, no one has a definite account. One must use logic and prior knowledge to come to the conclusion and realize that multiple factors play a key role in causing the trials. The Salem Witch Trials were caused by religion, politics, teenage boredom, family feuds, economic conditions, and fears of the people. The overall effect of the trials was a major part in American history, not only was it a learning experienceRead MorePuritans And The Salem Witch Trials978 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Puritans had many beliefs that affected the Salem Witch Trials, these were based on how the attendance or lack of attendance of the church, how people should behave, social class, and the way the government should be handled. Puritans were English Protestants that came to America in 1630. They sought to reform the Church of England. When they first came to America they settled at Salem, Massachusetts. The main reason the Puritan’s came to Salem was for freedom of religion which they did not haveRead MoreThe Mystery Of The Salem Witchcraft Trials1048 Words   |  5 PagesMystery of the Salem Witchcraft Trials Jennifer Hollenbeck AP United States History Mrs. Price November 12, 2014 The Salem witchcraft trials were a particularly dark and mysterious time in the history of America. These trials that were arranged upon the belief of witchcraft could have multiple explanations. In my opinion these trials began as a combination between religious factors, boredom, social issues and all coming together in a mess of suspicion and deceit. Although these trials did startRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials891 Words   |  4 Pagesmurdered after trials found them guilty of acts of witchcraft. The series of hearings and prosecutions of the accused witches in colonial Massachusetts marks one of the nation s most notorious cases of mass hysteria. The reasons behind the trials and deaths are complex and multifaceted. Internal disputes, strict religious lifestyles, accusations from young children, witch hunting methods, spectral evidence, and even some medical theories all stand as causes of the Salem Witch Trials. Political, localRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials The year 1692 is remembered as one of the most scandalous times in American History. Throughout the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, over a hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft (the majority of them being women). 14 women were hung, and 5 men were accused leading to a total of 19 people dying due to these trials. One man was even pressed to death by substantial weights for declining to enter a plea (Linder 1). No less than eight individuals passed on in jail, includingRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of hearings, prosecutions, and hangings of people who were thought to be involved in witchcraft in Massachusetts. These trials occurred between February 1692 and May 1693(The Salem Witch Trials, 1692. ). The Trials resulted in the execution of twenty people, in fact, most of them were women. The first of the trials began in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, such as Salem Village (curr ently known as Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover(SalemRead MoreSalem Witch Trials Research Paper1340 Words   |  6 Pages(Gurteen). The Salem witch trials began in the Spring of 1692 in Salem Village, Massachusetts. A group of young girls, who claimed to be possessed by the devil, began accusing a few women of witchcraft, which caused hysteria among the people in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Approximately 150 people were convicted of practicing witchcraft, 19 were hanged at Gallows Hill, and others died in captivity (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). These tragic events lead to the convictions of many innocent people in Salem VillageRead MoreThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1463 Words   |  6 Pagesissues, is the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials that prosecuted women to be found worshippers of the devil. The Puritans found the necessity to exercise this crusade in order to stay by their moral codes of conformity which included witchcraft to be the greatest crim e, punishable by death. However, the true reasons of the trials was not to simply follow their religious constitutions. It is mainly in part from corruption of religion and how some had used the trials as a form of personal gain, the

Volumetric Vinegar Analysis Free Essays

Experiment 9 and 10: Volumetric/Vinegar Analysis Abstract: The goal of the experiment that was conducted was to figure out both the molar concentration of NaOH and the standard mole ratio of the NaOH solution. In order to find the concentration of the NaOH solution, volumetric analysis was used. In volumetric analysis, a titration mechanism was utilized in order to find the reaction that the base will end up having with KHC8H4O4. We will write a custom essay sample on Volumetric Vinegar Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now , also known as KHP. Phenolphthalein, which is the indicator that was used in this experiment, assisted in figuring out at exactly what point was there neutralization. The indicator turns the solution into a bright pink color once neutralization has occurred. In experiment 10, the average molarity of NaOH that was found in experiment nine was used in order to find out if the vinegar that was being used in the experiment contained around the same percent mass of acetic acid that is found in regular vinegar. The experimental value of NaOH that was used was 1. 0425 grams and the molarity of NaOH was found to be 0. 089 m/L of NaOH. Towards the conclusion of the experiment, the average percent mass of acetic acid was calculated and found to be 1. 695%. Also read: Vinegar Battery Investigatory Project Regular house hold vinegar’s average percent mass of acetic acid usually ranges to 4-5%. Based on the percent mass of acetic acid obtained in the experiment, the vinegar that was used in experiment 10 was clearly not house hold vinegar. The hypothesis for this experiment was, if the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then it is house hold vinegar. However, due to the results from the experiments conducted, this hypothesis was rejected. In order to obtain the results that the groups were searching for, titration was used in both experiments to find the answer. The method of titration involves the measurement of KHP and NaOH. Afterwards, the volumetric analysis was used, with the indicator included. The experiment starts by finding the measurements of KHP. The indicator was added later on, and then the titration began with the NaOH solution. It was apparent once the solution was neutralized because the indicator caused the solution to turn bright pink. The experiment also required the utilization of volumetric mass in order to find the percent mass of acetic acid in vinegar. The mass of vinegar is then titrated along with the indicator endpoint with the sodium hydroxide solution. In order to find the average acetic percent mass of vinegar, the concentration found in NaOH in experiment 9 was utilized together with the known volume of NaOH. Materials: Please refer to Experiment 9 and 10 on pages 127-136 and 137-142, of Laboratory Manual for Principles of General chemistry 9th Edition by J. A. Beran. The only deviation that was performed during this experiment was the two to three extra drops of the indicator phenolphthalein in order to distinguish a titration point. Results: Experiment 9: Data: |Table 1: Measurement |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Mass of KHC8H4O4. (g) |. 509 g |. 501 g | |Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) |28. 3 mL |26. 7 mL | Table 1 shows the measurements recorded for experiment 9, volumetric analysis Table 2: Calculations |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Moles of KHC8H4O4 (mol) |. 000303 |. 0002485 | |Volume of NaOH Dispensed (L) |. 0034 |. 0032 | |Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) |. 089 |. 089 | Table 2 shows the calculations derived from experiment 9, volumetric analysis Calculations: Moles of KHC8H4O4 x 1 mol KHC8H4O4/ Molar Mass KHC8H4O4: 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0034 L= . 000303 moles NaOH 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0032 L= 0. 0002485 NaOH Volume of NaOH Dispensed (mL): Buret Reading of NaOH= 28. 3 mL, 26. 7 mL Molar Concentration Concentration of NaOH: 2. 45 x 10 -3 mol OH-/. 0275 L NaOH = 0. 089 M/L NaOH Results: Experiment 10 |Table 3: Measurement |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Mass of Vinegar (g) |1. 048 g |1. 37 g | |Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) |3. 4 mL |3. 2 mL | Table 3 shows the measurements recorded for experiment 10, vinegar analysis |Table 4: Calculations |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Volume of NaOH Used (mL)(L) |3. 4(. 0034) |3. 2(. 0032) | |Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) (given) |0. 089 |0. 89 | |Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol) |. 0182 |. 0171 | |Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (g) |1. 048 g |1. 037 g | |Avg. Percent Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (%) |1. 695% | | Table 4 shows the calculations derived from experiment 10, vinegar analysis. Calculations: 1. Molar Concentr ation of NaOH (mol/L) Given (. M Solution) 2. Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (g): Moles of Acetic Acid (mol) x Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol): 3. 026 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0182 g 2. 848 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0171 g 3. Avg. Percent Mass of Acid in Vinegar (%): 1. 65%+1. 74%/2= 1. 695% Discussion: The experiment began by adding NaOH to the mixture of deionized water and KHP in the beaker. The H+ ion that is found in KHP, reacted to the OH- ions that are found in the NaOH solution, even as more of the NaOH continued to be added into the mixture. When there turned out to be an abundance of NaOH, there were no longer any H+ to be added to KHP. As a solution, the extra OH-ions were found in the NaOH solution was used to make the indicator activate and make the solution turn pink. It was imperative that the solution be mixed the correct way. If it was not mixed the correct way, the results from the experiment will be inaccurate. If the reading had proven to be inaccurate because of that mistake, the volume of the NaOH solution mixed with the KHP will eventually get neutralized to a point where the numbers in the results would be very off. Two trials were done in this experiment in order to ensure that that mistake never happened and the volume of NaOH was found. Once the solution had finally been able to neutralize, the moles of the KHP were found and ended up being equal to the moles of NaOH. This information allowed for the molarity to be found. The average molarity that was in NaOH had been found in experiment 9, it was . 089 M. Both experiments 9 and 10 seemed to have similar traits because both of them involved titration. The titration was used in order to find the number of moles that was found in the acetic acid of the vinegar solution that was used. The normal amount of acetic acid found in household vinegar is between 4-5%. The experiments helped determine that household vinegar was definitely not the vinegar that was being used since the acetic amount that was found was 1. 695%. Conclusion The hypothesis was proven in the first experiment because the base of NaOH did end up neutralizing KHP’s acids. The indicator turned the solution pink; therefore the hypothesis in the first experiment was not rejected. The experiment involving the molarity of NaOH was very close in numbers. The molarity that was given was . 1 M, and the molarity that was found in the experiment was . 89 M. The hypothesis for the second experiment was â€Å"If the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then the vinegar that was being used for the experiment was household vinegar. † However, since the average percent mass of acetic acid resulted as 1. 695%, which was lower than household vinegar; this caused the hypothesis to be rejected. Works Cited Beran, Jo A. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. Print. Tro, Nivaldo J. Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. How to cite Volumetric Vinegar Analysis, Essay examples

Frog Lab Report free essay sample

When the heart skips a beat, it is actually Just your hearts normal cardiac rhythm being somehow interrupted and causing an extra beat or a skipped beat (compensatory pause). The atria are supposed to contract first, but in this case the ventricles contract first which is wrong and the heart has to then correct itself by pausing and waiting for the atria to contract again (1). This is what feels like a skipped beat, and it appears like one too on an ECG because there is a big pause between atrial contractions. To cause the ventricles to contract early, an electrical tumulus (or one of many other problems that could potentially affect the heart, in this case it is electrical shock) must be applied during atrial relaxation to cause the ventricles to contract before the atria. Different chemicals, or reagents, cause different things to happen to the heart. Some reagents, like nor epinephrine, are released during stressful times and cause the heart rate to increase and contract with more force. This is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter, which can be depleted in many ways, for example by a reagent that does the opposite of what it does, which would be to decrease heart rate (2). Some reagents, like, cause the heart rate to dramatically decrease and could potentially be harmful if not corrected. But, these effects can be inhibited by reagents like atropine and allow heart rate to return to normal. Others, like potassium chloride, could cause the heart to stop completely and are used for such methods like lethal injection in prisons. Given all of this information, our hypothesis was that the frog hearts used in this experiment would follow the expectations that this background information tells us. When stimulated at the right time the heart would have an extra systole event, when iv en an excitatory neurotransmitter the heart rate and contraction force would increase, etc. The frog hearts, if they are healthy and functioning properly, will react normally to all of the stimuli/reagents applied to it. Materials and Methods: Before the dissection, the equipment and strength of the frogs heart beat needed to be tested. So, ECG pins were inserted in both shoulders and right thigh of the frog via small incisions made with scissors. We first tested lead l, which involved placing the ground pin in the right thigh, the positive pin in the left shoulder, and the negative pin in the right shoulder. Once the pins were in place, the equipment was set up so that the settings were at single event mode, looms event interval, Oms event delay, 10ms pulse width, and single pulse. The SIU was set at 1 mA range, positive polarity, and 20. 0% of range. The settings were 2K gain, AC, 30HZ low frequency, and 0. kHz high frequency. Finally, the transducer amplifier was set at bridge mode, 100 filter, and 20 sensitivity. Once all of the equipment and the frog were set up, lead I ECG recordings were made until good records were recorded. The R wave, duration of atrial depolarization, duration of electrical A-V delay, duration of ventricular depolarization, and duration of electrical ventricular depolarizations were then measured. Then, the set up was changed to represent lead II, which only changed the location of the positive pin to the left thigh instead of shoulder. Once this change took place, the same Now that baseline recordings were measured, the frog could be dissected. First, all four limbs were pinned to the dissecting pan with heavy pins. Next, the skin of the abdomen and chest (and some of the neck) was removed using forceps and scissors. It was removed in a rectangular shape, going across the abdomen and up the sides and then across the neck. Then the muscle was removed in the same fashion, and the heart was visible. The pericardium was removed unintentionally during muscle removal, so it was not possible to observe it. Now that the heart was visible and accessible, a piece of thread approximately 20cm long was looped on both ends. One end was attached to a Z pin, which was attached to the very end where the apex is because that is Just tissue. The other end attached to an S-hook on a transducer connecting to the machinery and computer. The equipment and frog were positioned so that the string was taut when the ventricles relaxed. The heart was kept moist with ringers throughout the entire experiment. Observing the heart beat via the ECG on the computer, the atrial and ventricle contractions were observed and noted as to where in the recording they were. Once these were established, the single event button was pressed at the peak of each ventricular contraction, maximum ventricular relaxation, peak of each atrial contraction, and maximum atrial relaxation. Now an extra-ventricular contraction needed to be made. To do this, two pin electrodes were used as paddles with the negative pin near the base of the heart and the positive pin near the apex. The accupulser/SllJ settings were changed to deliver single pulses of 20ms duration and 0. 5mA, and stimuli were applied at different times in the cardiac cycle using the single event button. When a response to the stimulus was seen, two beats were allowed to go by before stimulating the heart again. Next, stimulus was applied to create the illusion of a heart blockage. The electrodes were rearranged to once again represent lead l, and thread was tied around the narrow groove of the heart between the atria and ventricles. As the recordings continued, the string was tightened more and more until evidence of an A-V conduction block became apparent (a ventricular beat did not follow every atrial beat). Then the recording was continued until there was no ventricular contraction in the mechanical record. After these four tests were done, a new frog was used and dissected the same as the first one. The lead II setting proved to show better results than lead I during this experiment so that set up was used. For this part of the experiment, different reagents were injected into the liver of the frog and the results were observed on the ECG recordings. mL syringes were used to administer the reagents, and cleaned between each one by filling and emptying with ringers about six times each. The first reagent was 0. 1% nor epinephrine, 0. 25mL were injected into the liver of the frog and the results were observed and recorded. Then 0. 1% epinephrine was injected, then 0. 1%, all using the same procedure. The next reagent used was 0. 5mL of, a beta-adrenergic antagonist (slows down heart), which needed to be almost immediately counteracted with so the heart would not begin to stop. The results of Just the metoprolol observed and recorded. Acetylcholine was then used, 0. 25mL immediately followed by 0. 25mL of 0. 5% atropine in order to restart the heart. Once the heart rate was back to normal (or as close as it would get at this point), the final reagents were injected. First was 1% calcium chloride in frog ringers, and finally the frog was given 2% potassium chloride which was the final reagent before the heart did not recover. All of the results were observed and recorded for all of the reagents. Results: The control baseline ECG recording before the dissection showed t he lead I set up had a peak R wave amplitude of 70. 5mV and a visible P wave and QRS wave difficult to find the T wave). The lead II set up had a peak R wave amplitude of -55mV as well as a visible P wave (again, hard to see the T wave). Using the R wave amplitudes for lead I and lead II, we were able to predict that our frog heart apex was most likely pointed down and towards the left lung. When the stimulus was applied during maximum atrial relaxation, the atrial contraction recordings began to visibly merge with the ventricular contraction recordings. It also caused the P waves to become very difficult to see, if they were even present at all. The maximum R wave amplitude during this time was †275mV. The same results happened when the stimulus was introduced during maximum atrial contraction (†275mV), maximum ventricular relaxation (†300mV) and maximum ventricular contraction (†300mV). The extra systole occurred about 750ms after the extra stimulus was introduced to the heart, and right after that the compensatory pause was both seen on the ECG as well as the frog heart itself. During this pause, the ventricles swelled much more than normal and then finally contracted. It took a few tries to cause the extra systole to occur, but it finally did when the stimulus was introduced during maximum atrial relaxation. The maximum R wave amplitude after the compensatory pause was 300mv. When the A-V block was simulated, the ECG showed a complete separation of the ventricular contraction waves and the atrial contraction waves, as well as a huge decrease in amplitude in the QRS wave. The new maximum R wave amplitude was †25mV. When the blockage was complete, there were no ventricular contractions of any kind and instead big pauses between atrial contractions.