INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT AT SUNYANI REGIONAL HOSPITAL Essay

I express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God for his protection and guidance through the attachment period. I will humbly acknowledge the management and staff of Sunyani Regional Hospital Records Department, especially to Mr. Peter Amponsah Manu, Madam Elizerbeth kyeraah as the Supervisors at Medical Records Department and Mr. Sanyo, the senior manager of Live Records for their guidance, encouragement and also the knowledge impacted which has been a great help. Finally, I would like to thank my parent and family for your support both in prayers and financially throughout this attachment period, for your encouragement and all who helped in diverse ways to make this attachment successful. I say God richly bless you. DEDICATION I dedicate this report to Jesus Christ for his divine inspiration and motivation. Secondly, I dedicate this report to my mother Madam Grace Akosua Krah and loved ones who through their cordial relationship made this attachment and report a success. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Industrial attachment is one of the requirements needed in order to obtain the Higher National Diploma (HND) Certificate as instituted by the National Accreditation Board. It is a well structured skill training programme forming part of the approved academic standard intended for students to involve themselves, gain practical, managerial and or hand-on experience that pertains the area of course of studies. It also gives the student chance to solve real world problems. For the first two years in school, students have to spend their second semester vacation going through the industrial attachment. Students are required to cumulatively spend a minimum of 24 weeks on the practical industrial training in order to qualify as HND graduates. OBJECTIVE OF THE INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT As part of the education reform programme, the polytechnics are upgraded to a tertiary level to provide training and the needed skills to meet the nation’s professional, scientific and technological needs. However, industrial attachment programme has been attached to the academic curriculum where Higher National Diploma (HND) students are allowed to undergo industrial training to enable us to be more enlightened with what is happening in our present day environment to build upon what has been learnt in school. Hence HND students of the Polytechnics are required to serve an attachment with various organizations and write a report to the institution. This attachment in one way or the other creates job opportunities if the participant puts up their best behavior and efforts during their stay in the organization which they could be recommended for a company after their three year courses. It is for this reason that I undertook an industrial attachment at Sunyani Regional Hospital, for two months (from 27th May 2013 to 26th July 2013) at the Medical Records Department. BRIEF HISTORY OF SUNYANI REGIONAL HOSPITAL Sunyani Regional hospital is an ultra- modern hospital which was established in May 2003 and it is located on the Barracks-Techiman road. The hospital was initially opened in 1928 but its bed capacity was around 150. From 1969 to 1972, the then Busia government realized the need for a larger and structurally better hospital the Region and started the construction of the Doctors bungalows, Nursing training college and Nurses quarters to secure the human resource requirement. Dr. Asare said â€Å"after the exist of Busia government in 1972 the project laid of f. In 1983 and 1990 Nanasunyanihene and Dr. C.J Oppong sent several memos and petitions to the succeeding minister of Health on the need for a new Regional Hospital.† Regional capitals like Cape Coast, Ho and Sunyani were announced by the N.D. C government in 1993 to be built to standard and their aim was achieved in 2003 but was named after Prof. John Evans Atta Mills. The hospital is situated on a leveled ground and share boundaries with Penkwase in east and Nkwabeng North in the north. It covers about 450 hectres of land. VISION STATEMENT OF R.H.S To provide a model secondary health care facility for best clinical practice in the country and beyond and also provide the highest quality health care consistent with the service standard. â€Å"We hope to maintain the equipment, estate and other facilities in the hospital to gain the accolade as one of the cleanest, neatest and customer-friendly hospital in Africa.† Said by Dr. Mohammed Bin Ibrahim the Regional Director of Ghana Health Service. MISSION STATEMENT OF R.H.S The main thrust of the health care delivery over years has been to â€Å"improve the overall health status and reduce inequalities in health outcome of the people†. DEPARTMENTS / SECTIONS/UNIT ADMISTRATION. The administration is headed by the administrator who is the next in command after the medical doctor. He administers or checks the  incoming and outgoings of all working and non working staffs of the hospital, new and old suppliers, etc. His ascent on needed requested item or letter permits a transaction between the hospital(procurement unit, account office and suppliers) or activity to take place at the hospital ACCOUNT DEPARTMENT The account unit is responsible for the payments business transactions approved by the doctor and the administrator and the proper accounting of all moneys received or sent out of the hospitals account. The calculation of the total bills of drugs and non drugs to patients after quality health care delivery to enable the hospital claim their money from the government(national health insurance scheme Centre PHARMACY. The pharmacy is where drugs are been distributed to all patient with and without national health insurance card based on the drugs being prescribed by either the doctor or the health assistance in the hospital . LIVE RECORDS. This is where patients folders are stored , retrieved, filed and analyzed in the hospital for easy identification of patient folder , sickness and total turn out of patients at the hospital within a period of time. OUT- PATIENT DEPARTMENT. This is also the place where all patient with and without the insurance cards check their blood pressure before they see the doctor or the health assistance of the hospital. PROCUREMENT/STORES Lastly, this is where the procurement officers/store keeper invites quotation, evaluate and appraise suppliers with the help of the doctor, administrator . Purchases of items are also done by this department and later issues are made to the various departments within the hospital based on their requisitions in their order books according to their needs to the stores department. It  is also responsible for the control and management of all stock. MAJOR ACTIVITIES The hospital provides the following services to staff and their families as well as other organizations and the organizations the general public: a. Outpatient. b. Inpatient. c. Laboratory. d. Dispensary. e. Maternity and delivery. f. Medicare. g. General surgery. h. A N C/P N C. i. Ultrasound Scan. j. Family planning. k. Public health services. l. Ophthalmic care. m. E N T. n. Ambulance. o. Child welfare clinic. p. Ophthalmic Care. CHAPTER TWO NATURE OF WORK DONE AT MEDICAL RECORDS DEPARTMENT / OUT – PATIENT DEPARTMENT (O.P.D) During my industrial attachment at Sunyani Regional Hospital, I was posted to Medical Records Department which constitutes the Out -Patient Department (O.P.D), Filing room and Live Records. At those Departments, the descriptions of nature of work done are categorized under the following: a. Entering patient data in temporal cards. b. Entering information in folders. c. Detecting barcodes of folders and O. P. D numbers. d. Detecting active and inactive insured patient. e. Retrieving of patients folders. f. Registration of new patients. g. Registration of private companies. h. Arranging and sorting of folders on the shelves. i. Tallying of Out-Patient Department attendance. j. Entering daily ward states in Microsoft excel. k. Entering the monthly statistical diagnosis in Microsoft excel. l. Filling of claim forms. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE TRAINING/WORK PERFORMED BY THE STUDENT. ENTERING PATIENT DATA IN TEMPORAL CARDS [T.C]: This are cards issued to patients as their first visit in hospital to take medical treatment, with their names, ages, date of birth, contact address, insurance numbers etc and also they are giving Identification cards with numbers to have access to their temporal cards. ENTERING PATIENT INFORMATION FOLDERS: Patients who’s Temporal Cards are full with history, are assigned by Doctors to retrieve folders from the Out- Patient Department (O.P.D) before treatment which was my duty. DETECTING BARCODES OF FOLDERS AND O.P.D NUMBERS: Internet application software likes e-Archive and Hams are used at the Out-Patient Department (O.P.D) in detecting the barcodes of folders when patient issue their Identification Cards with O. P. D numbers. When patient displace their cards, I use their insurance numbers or sur names to search for their O. P. D numbers for them to reach their fol ders before medication. DETECTING ACTIVE AND INACTIVE INSURED PATIENT: All patients insured are to issue their National Health Insurance I.D cards for verification of either active or inactive by using Oracle internet application software at the O. P. D before they consult the Doctors. RETRIEVING OF PATIENT FOLDERS: This involves picking of folders of patient from the folder shelves using their barcodes and Out Patient Department (O.P.D) numbers on their hospital cards. After picking the folder, you enter the name of patient and the O.P.D number in the Admissions and Discharges register before you give the folder to the patient and later proceed to make entries into the computer at the filing room. REGISTRATION OF NEW PATIENTS: Patients who has just come to the hospital for the first time are registered  by the use of HAMS. Their details like their names, gender, age and Home address are recorded in the new case records book. Also, through interviews, relevant information like date of birth, marriage status, religion, contact number, Postal address, including others are recorded in the folder and given an O. P. D number folder number. A hospital card bearing the patient name, O.P.D number, date of registration is made, added to the new folder and handed over to p atient only when he or she comes to the hospital. A SAMPLE OF PATIENT OF FOLDER REGISTRATION OF PRIVATE COMPANIES. Currently, Sunyani Regional Hospital has approved services to private Insurance companies such as Premier Health Care, MEDI- X Health System, Nationwide Mutual Health Care, Newmont Gold Ghana Limited, and among other private insurance company. Registration of patients with private insurance card is done by recording the name of the patients, date of birth, insurance number ,age, gender, name of scheme , claim number, Hospital Record number of patient are recorded in private insurance form or claim form book before a company patients can received a Medical Services. ARRANGING AND SORTING OF FOLDERS: Sorting of folders implies arranging folders in order by using their barcode numbers and O. P. D numbers on the shelves in the filing room after the patients has been treated. TALLYING OF OUT- PATIENT DEPARTMENT ATTENDANCE: This process was done at the Live Records to assist the hospital know the number of patients attendance. The Tally Sheet is categorized into male and female and ages, t hus 0-4years, 4-10years, 10-18years, 18-30years,†¦ 60years and above including the total on sheet before entries are made Microsoft Excel. ENTERING DAILY WARD STATES IN MICROSOFT EXCEL :The Daily Ward State like number of Admissions, Discharges, Bed occupancy in wards such as Accident and Emergency (A and E),Male/Female medical, Male/Female surgical, Male/Female ward etc were entered in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet at Bio-statistics/Live records. ENTERING THE MONTHLY STATISTICAL DIAGNOSIS IN MICROSOFT EXCEL: After the summary of Diagnoses recorded at each ward or clinic in the monthly morbidity book, the data is entered in Microsoft excel spreadsheet, the sheet is grouped into  gender, age and in diseases like Eye cataracts, Reflective eye, U T I, Malaria, Anemia in pregnancy, polio, scrotal diseases, cardio respiratory diseases etc, after the is data cross examined it is link to Ghana Statistical web. CHAPTER THREE A. NEW KNOWLEDGE/SKILLS ACQUIRED, AND CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED NEW KNOWLEDGE/SKILLS ACQUIRED AT MEDICAL RECORDS DEPARTMENT. My presence at the Medical Record Department, I acquired so many skills and new knowledge of which are helpful in my studies. Among these are: (a) I develop a good human relationship with staffs and patients. (b) The programme made my typing speed to increase when entering data. (c) It enhances my technology when workings with Microsoft excel spreadsheet especially dealing with calculations. (d) I had ability to work overtime and withstand any pressure with presence or absence of staffs. (e) I acquire knowledge and experience in working different internet application soft wares. (f) More skills were gain in filling of different claim forms and how to register prisoners before medication. CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED AT MEDICAL RECORDS DEPARTMENT. Sometimes, three or four staff from various sections may come to the Health record room at a go all requesting for their folders. Since I was not perfect with the location of almost all the folders in the room, I had to struggle in other to serve them. I had to adjust to sitting and working at the same place for eight hours which was quite difficult and stressful because I had to follow strictly to the procedure at work by reporting very early and closing in the evening. My shirts get dirty anytime I work in the filing room. The folders are always dusty so when retrieving and filing them on the shelves makes my shirts become dusty. I had to wake up at dawn in other to join the company’s bus; if I miss the bus then I have to use my own money as transportation. Feeding was a big  blow on me, because the staffs were fed whilst the attachment trainees were not. B. CONTRIBUTION OF STUDENT TO ORGANIZATION During my industrial training Sunyani Regional Hospital, I participated in almost every activity that was undertaken at the medical record department which included; Issuing barcodes numbers on newly patient folders. Filing of folders into their respective position on shelves at the filing room. Filling of claim forms at the O. P. D. Entering of daily ward states in Microsoft excel.  Books, folders and other necessities needed at out-patient department to record data were pulled on wheel from the stores. C. GENERAL COMMENTS, OBSERVATION AND IMPRESSION GENERAL COMMENTS. Upon all the challenges I adopted new skills in working overtime with both senior and junior staffs. I had ability to work without anybodies supervision at the field of work. More experience and technology was attained in any section or department I was posted to. OBSERVATIONS. I observed the following during my period of attachment that: The management of the hospital for instance the Medical Record Department is keeping good records. Computers available at their disposal, those not meet the so called â€Å"standard computerized hospital.† The compound of the Hospital is enticing especially the lawns, building structure and location of the Nursing Training College. Quality food is given to the patients on sick bed with good health care delivery. Marketing of shoes, perfumes, ladies tops etc is done by some staffs, and feeding is inadequate to meet all staffs. Mixing of patients folders. After treatment all folders are kept in the filing room but patients may be after their folders for treatment but can not find them. IMPRESSION. I was so impressed of how the supervisors welcome me and trained me to be equipped on the field of work. Also, I wonder how the staffs socialized themselves with me; patients may think I am a permanent staff. CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION School authorities should create more avenues for attachment trainees because it aid students to be well equipped in the field of work. It also serves as a field where students put into practice of the theoretical aspect leant from school. It should be encourage as far as Higher National Diploma is concerned. RECOMMENDATION. I recommend that staffs who market at the hospital should be prohibited. Attachment trainees should be motivated. I also recommend that proper measures should be taking in keeping patients folders. Lastly, food should be equally distributed to all staffs at the Hospital.

About the first day of school Essay

As the arctic cold rain drops sprinkled diagonally with my loose, flowing auburn hair, I splashed across the street to the bus stop. Although it was showery and very damp, I was happy about my upcoming day, the clouds were fluffy and dark grey, and there was a wonderful scent in the air, which perfumed of the spring morning. Just as I strode across the street, the mustard tinted bus, filled with immature, junior high students pulled up beside me. I wasn’t thrilled to be riding the bus, but it was either step onto the yellow, nightmare filled vehicle, or walk in the rain, so I quickly chose the bus. I selected a seat in the center of the bus, next to a small built looking girl in a purple sweater, plastic rimmed glasses, and navy jeans. The youngster had brunette short hair, and tiny diamond studded earrings shinning in her ears. See more:  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay She smiled at me, looking at me in a way a puppy dog would. I could tell she wanted me to talk with her, but I had no intentions in making friends with a childish schoolgirl who probably could have been about age thirteen. â€Å"Hi, I am Dominique† she said in a hyperactive way. â€Å"I am so happy that you sat with me; what is your name?† I pretended to care, not wanting to be rude to the young girl I responded, â€Å"I am Megan, and truthfully I only sat with you because all of the other seats were filled.† I did however find it interesting that this bizarre looking child was so frenzied in this time of the morning. â€Å"My favorite animal is the dog, do you like dogs† she asked in a begging way, â€Å"I have three dogs. They are all German shepherds; those are my favorite kind of dogs.† As she spoke, I could smell her breathe, it smelling of uncleanness, and was filled with the stench of lucky charms and reeked of what I thought odored like toilet water. I was this time that I was thinking about her atrocious  breathe, that I noticed around her neck, she wore a silver chain, and it had a charm of what appeared to be some kind of canine. Not wanting to continue a conversation, I said; â€Å"No, I am not found of dogs.† This of course was a lie. At this point in our conversation, she got a horrible look, that reminded me of when I once ate a sour lemon. â€Å"What? How could you not like dogs?† she yelped loudly, people turned in embarrassment for her. All of a sudden, the young girl started barking very piercingly. It was an awful yowl that echoed through each ear. I couldn’t believe that this girl, who seemed sane, was barking at me because I didn’t like dogs. Barking is a perfectly natural canine behavior. Birds sing; frogs croak; and a dog barks, whines and howls. This was the first time seeing a girl bark. Not sure what to do, I tried to ignore it, it seemed never ending, although it had only been going through my head for about forty seconds, I wanted to duck tape the girls mouth. She seemed to have a small mouth, it was decorated with a lip gloss that shimmered as she woofed, and it surprised me that so much noise could come out of such a small mouth. It was about this time, that a miracle happened; I, out of the blue realized that we were arriving at the school. I could recognize the bulky, red bricked, structure that read *****ENTER YOUR SCHOOL NAME HERE ****. There were tiny pink flowers planted in a bed around little green bushes, and I had never seen such a beautiful sight. Maybe I enjoyed that moment in time in which I realized that I soon would be removed from this nightmare, but I unexpectedly wanted to be nowhere but inside the School.

Abolition

The slave abolition movement in the United States to counter stronger resistance tried to use various tactics and organization to abolish slavery. Anti-slavery movement mobilized many African Americans and white people trying to end slavery. Black and white abolitionists often work together, but their relationship is complicated. The struggle against black abolitionists is more personal because it ends slavery and desires equal rights to black people. The abolition of slavery was done at different times in different countries. It often happens at several stages, such as abolishing slave trade in a particular country and then abolishing slavery throughout the empire. Each step is usually the result of a separate law or action. On this timeline, the abolished laws and acts are listed in chronological order. It includes abolition of agriculture. Louis X declared slavery abolishment, declared that France means liberty, declared that slaves in French soil should be released. However, some limited cases of slavery continued in several Mediterranean ports in Provence, France until the 17th century, and in some parts of France until the 18th century. From 1315 to 1318, most aspects of agriculture were virtually eliminated. One of the biggest moments of American history is when you abolish slavery, that is, when you abolish slavery. While this is a dramatic and important case, abolition means removing systems, practices and institutions. The sports league wants to cancel drugs that improve performance. Everyone wants to see all cities cancel the mouse. If it is abolished it will be abolished

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Scientific method to an everyday problem - Essay Example ’s watch might have slipped, falling on the sidewalk of the park when he attempted to get something out of his pocket which escaped our notice; (2) The watch could have, in the similar manner, fallen off Aunt Susie’s place due to Jay’s unconscious habit and I particularly recall that he stayed outside of the house so I could not see what exactly occurred on his spot while I talked to my aunt for a few moments in the living room; (3) It could have gone lost in the cinema place, perhaps on the carpeted area which muffled fallen objects from obvious hearing. Experimentations Performed: Since our distance then was still closer to the mall than to our residences, we hurried our way back in and asked a security officer on duty to help us search the paths we remembered having walked on. It took about twenty minutes and it had been a thorough effort for the three of us. Then we returned to Aunt Susie’s house for the same intention. Results: Jay’s watch did not get lost in the theatre because Aunt Susie confessed she had it when a boy of 10 came buzzing at the gate a few minutes after we left her house and the boy handed her the watch. She was further told of the metal-clicking sound from Jay’s pocket. Conclusion: The 10 year-old boy was rushing to catch up with us after witnessing Jay’s watch lay on the grassy ground of the park he was playing at, assuring himself that one of us is the rightful owner for we were hardly a meter away from the scene where the watch was. Second Example – Moreover, I have also encountered scientific method as applied to the case of my cousin who complains of heavy traffic on his way to work on Thursday mornings prior to rush hour and this he observes to have taken place in three consecutive weeks. On the first week, it did not bother him to speculate, thinking instead of locating other possible routes that would prevent him from arriving late in the office. Nevertheless, since the same scenario occurred on the

Case Study - Recruiting Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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The Third World War-- the Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Third World War-- the Cold War - Essay Example During the cold war period, the third world suffered more than those two countries. Beginning of the Cold War After the end of the World War II, there was a race between the United States and the Soviet Union to be the superpower in the whole world. This conflict started from 1945 onwards and it lasted for over 45 years till 19911. This is known as the Cold War. The two superpowers tried their best to dominate the world in their own way which suited their interest. As a result, when both these countries confronted each other in any part of the world, there was a sense of tension between them. This was mainly due to the fact that both of them were aware of each other’s power. However, both the US and the USSR never broke into any kind of a direct war. And since there was no â€Å"hot† war between them, it is known as the cold war2. The cold war had impact on more parts of the world than the World War II. There were real wars in many parts of the world due to the cold war . With the use of the nuclear weapons during the World War II, many people had this fear that this might lead to the third world war, which did not happen fortunately. Otherwise, with the nuclear weapons available to both these nations, they are capable of destroying the whole world, not once but many times. During the Second World War both these countries joined their hands and were able to defeat the Germans. But after this, the quest to become the superpower of the world started between these two nations. Interestingly, they were very much familiar with each other’s power. As a result, none of them did actually break down into a direct state of war. Truman Doctrine and the role of containment On March 12, 1947, the president of the U.S. gave a speech to a joint session of congress. He addressed the state of global affairs while he did not discuss anything regarding â€Å"containment† being a strategic concept3. He pointed towards the economic need of Greece and Turk ey. This proposal for economic assistance was termed as â€Å"Truman Doctrine†. The Greek government has asked for an urgent help from the U.S., both financially and economically. Greece, being not a rich country was under tremendous economic pressure. As a result of the invasions by the foreign nations they were in a state of bother. They were in such a condition that they did not have funds for food, cloth and shelter. Same was the case with Turkey, but it was somehow in a better position than Greece4. The main objective of the foreign policy of the U.S. was to create such conditions so that they can be in a state of harmony with other nations. For this reason, the U.S. participated in an immense way in the creation of the United Nations. The main objective of the United Nations was to arrange freedom for all its members5. It started a new relationship with the Soviet Union and the world. The Truman Doctrine described urgency on the part of the U.S. to help Greece and on th e same hand, to stop the spread of communism. With this foreign policy the U.S. was trying to earn the support of their people showing their mercy character towards others. Eventually it was also a way towards making them a leader in front of the world. Great Britain being unable to help out Greece and Turkey, the U.S. had taken this opportunity to look for extending their help to other poor nations with sole motive of acquiring them. U.S. accomplishments The United States has a very interesting history regarding the invasions it made in the past. There was a

Communication in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

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Social Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Capital - Essay Example nt methodologies that can be used to measure it, identify social concepts that can be addressed by social capital and lastly explain how social capital can solve problems in a specific organisation. The organisation chosen for analysis is the Environmental Protection Agency Queensland. This will be the focal point in the last portion of the essay as I work in this organisation. Many groups and individuals have attempted to define social capital. However, some of the statements passed of as definitions are in fact depictions of social capital and not the actual thing. Social capital may be defined as the informal and instantiated norm that acts as a means for promoting cooperation between individuals. Norms in this case may refer to the cases of reciprocation between two people or they may refer to complex doctrines from major religions such as Christianity. The most important aspect here is that these norms have to be engrained into a real human relationship. (Stayner, 1997: p7) The issue of reciprocation is something that potentially exists among all people but is usually evident when dealing with friends. In other words, other aspects such as civil society, trust and networks are only products of social capital but do not form part of the actual definition. It should be noted here that institutional norms do not just apply to any kind of norms. The norms under consideration in social capital are those ones that can cause an actual increase in the level of cooperation between certain groups. These norms must be linked to certain values that include honesty, reciprocity, performance of duties among others. This also means that other norms applicable in specific scenarios may not qualify as suitable ones in social capital. For instance, in some parts of Italy, there is great cohesion between members of the family but outside the family unit; individuals are allowed to take advantage of one another. Those norms are not acceptable in the definition of social

Methanol to acetic acid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methanol to acetic acid - Assignment Example These routes include methyl formate isomerization, methanol carbonylation, synthesis gas to acetic acid, vapor phase oxidization to acetic acid and other novel technologies (Sunley, G., & Watson, D., 2000 p.294). The carbonylation of methanol in the production of acetic acid is capable of catalyzing at high rates with minimal water concentrations while using iridium or iodide based reactor. The onset of methanol carbonylation to acetic acid began in 1960 and was commercialized by the BASF. In this introductory approach, the production o acetic acid employed the use of cobalt catalyst that was in operational synergy with the iodide as a co-catalyst. This process was conducted at high pressures of about 680 bars as well as high temperatures of 250 degrees Celsius. The Baden Aniline and Soda Factory (BASF) selectivity procedure to acetic acid production accounts for about 90% on the basis of methanol. In the mid 1960s, Monsanto developed a novel approach in methanol carbonylation using rhodium as the major catalyst again aided with iodide as a co-catalyst. This acetic acid production mechanism was highly selective accounting for approximately 99% based upon methanol (Sunley, G., & Watson, D., 2000 p.294). The use of rhodium in methanol carbonylation was novel because it allowed acetic acid production under mild chemical environments. ... Exclusive licensing and patent rights to Monsanto was acquired by BP Chemicals, the UK based group in 1986. Ten years upon this acquisition, BP Chemicals announced an innovative process in methanol carbonylation. This process was named Cativaâ„ ¢, on the basis of an upgraded iridium/iodide catalyst. The methanol carbonylation process as described by Cativa offers greater improvements compared to the conventional rhodium based catalyst technology. These advancements include high rates of reaction, improved yield of carbon monoxide, and improved stability of the catalyst enabling the process to be taken under low concentrations of water. Additionally, the Cativa process offers a reduction of the liquid by-products. This full implementation of the Cativa process commercialization was in November 1995 (Sunley, G., & Watson, D., 2000 p.295). The effectiveness of using iridium in tandem with iodide as a co-catalyst for methanol carbonylation at minimal pressure was initially demonstrate d by Roth and Paulik while working at Monsanto. This was during the time of their discovery of the rhodium/iodide catalyst methanol carbonylation process. The reactivity and mechanism of iridium based catalysis in acetic acid production can be conducted in either a nonionic acid or methyl acetate. These studies have elucidated that the iridium catalyzed reaction is more complex compared to rhodium catalysis process (Sunley, G., & Watson, D., 2000 p.296). There exists two catalytic cycles in the iridium catalyzed methanol carbonylation process in the manufacture of acetic acid. One reaction involves the neutral catalytic intermediaries while the other involves predominant negatively charged species. In his study, Forster was unable to distinguish the reaction rates from the ones

Commodity Marketing and Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commodity Marketing and Risk Management - Essay Example Market risk. Of all the risk that deserves regular tracking by management, the market risk may be one of the most important. The market can change and no organization is immune to the ebbs and flows the marketplace. Market risk includes the risk of not having a viable market for the product or commodity. For example, if a producer grows his crop without a contract, he faces the risk of not having a market for the crop. Contract. Contract risk is the risk of contact default by the producer or the contractor. Several component contract risks are contract default, contract termination, not understanding contract terms, product contract violators and payment risk. If the contractor is unable to pay, it may leave the producer in the position of an unsecured creditor. Terminator of a contract can also generate serious losses. This is especially true when the producer has incurred high production expenses. Where bailment contracts or personal service contracts are used, the conditions for terminating by the contractor can be viewed as a risk factor. Investment. Investment risk is the risk associated with returns on a long-term asset. There are two main components of investment risk: variability in returns and loss of the asset. Variability in returns is the result of an annual change in the costs of revenue associated with the asset. Loss of the asset may be a result of the fire, or other peril, and is often covered by property insurance. Yield risk is simply the risk of lower than expected production. ... If the contractor is unable to pay, it may leave the producer in the position of unsecured creditor. Terminator of a contract can also generate serious losses. This is especially true when the producer has incurred high production expenses. Where bailment contracts or personal service contracts are used, the conditions for terminating by the contractor can be viewed as a risk factor. Financial Risk Investment. Investment risk is the risk associated with returns on a long-term asset. There are two main components of investment risk : variability in returns and loss of the asset. Variability in returns is the result of annual change in the costs of revenue associated with the asset. Loss of the asset may be a result of fire, or other peril, and is often covered by property insurance. Production Risk Yield risk is simply the risk of lower than expected production. For example, a farmer's produce is affected by factors such as weather, variety risk, unknown yield crop and pest pressure. Relationship Risk Relationship risk is the risk of adversely affecting relationship with buyers, supplies or other resource providers that are critical to the success of the operation several sources of relationship risk are: Landlord - access to land Lender - access to capital Supplier - access to critical supplies including genetics, production technology and knowledge. Buyer processor - access to markets, revenue opportunities, and market knowledge. Marketing Strategies to Avoid the Risk The best way to manage risk is by developing a strategic plan using the full range of risk management tools available. Some of the known risk management strategies are: Product Diversification One of the most important tasks a marketer

Performance of Information Systems through Organizational Culture Essay Example for Free

Performance of Information Systems through Organizational Culture Essay The objective of this paper is to determine the importance of the connection between the organizational culture and the information system which can be vital to achieve essential business goals. However the proper definition of information system (IS) is important, as different people create confusion in this respect, which according to Anderson (1992) it is the system which captures, records, and reorganize data then provides results which are useful for managerial purposes. On the other hand information technology IT is only the technological part of IS and the organizational culture is simply the way things are done in a firm. The interaction of these systems would result in huge advantages. Now it is that we have precisely viewed the explanation of IT, IS and organizational culture. We should now look at their interconnectedness. IT and organizational culture are incorporated in order to have statistical and meaningful information from the raw and unarranged data which is the information for decision making, however the feasibility of the implementation of such system is important in terms of technology and its cost. Once an idea or belief is accepted by a larger group it is said o be powerful and if it is accepted by a specific group then subcultures are said to exist and it is important to determine that which culture is dominant, and on the basis of this culture two opinions are created one which says that yes IT is important and the second which identifies IT as the fundamental basis of the IS, however it is also important that the new culture should be implemented or meant for a foreseeable future in the long-term and not in the short-term, as the short-term creates complexity quite earlier as compared to long-term approach, if there is some element of deviation of opinion. No matter what is the final decision is, the carrying out of the implementation process is important, currently in most firms there exists a ‘’IT specialist culture’’ which involves only the IT personnel in this process and obviously is not much effective. Therefore it is important that in the implementation of an IS, not only IT personnel should be involved but also the top management and the users of this IS should also be involved so that their requirements are catered in an efficient and effective way. Theoretical principles or basics Today the world is turned into a dynamic market place, where firms need to compete in terms of prices, efficiency and technology. For this purpose experts have realized the importance of information systems (IS) with information technology (IT) as its basis, combined together with the organizational culture. The perfect combination of these three important systems of a firm a firm is able to achieve a competitive status in the world market. Therefore it is important to have such elements in the firm in order to achieve businesses vital goals. For this purpose cultural change is to be incorporated, provided that it is the way things are done or the set of norms of the firm, therefore the bubble-like approach of incorporating cultural changes is said to be the most effective one. Under this idea of bubble-like cultural change, comes the idea of informatics and informational culture. The idea of IS is also important, however majority of people confuse it with IT however the correct expl anation are the one discussed earlier. The implementation of IS’s in most of the firms has resulted into various advantaged to the firms; briefly it enables the management to acquire meaningful information from the raw data and later to help decision making. But the successful implmetation and usage of the IS requires three important components which are: 1, the data or information, the people (implementers and users) and the material resources. Here the data can be any data form example businesses truncations or employee’s records, and the material resources are the mechanical supportive equipment for example office furniture and computers etc and lastly the people are the user and the implementers of the IS. Now with people here comes the notion of organizational culture, the culture in accordance with the IS and IT plays an important role if these three things are in line or are in agreement then vital advantages can be observed which are discussed as follows: Â · As it decreases the anxiety and confusion created by the IT/IS, it supports the adaptation of the environmental changes, therefore it contributes positively to the overall satisfaction level of the internal staff who have been involved in its implementation. Â · Â   Enables the management to know if the implantation id accepted by the users. Â · Â   Social relations are created when the implementers and users of different departments meet to implement the system. This adds to the motivation level of the employees. Â · Tells the users that which information will be available at what location in what time. Â · Â   Determines the effectiveness of the IT/IS associated to the means of communication, as both inside and outside, it is a vital way correspondence. Â · Â   As it explains that what are the norms and practices of the entity, a feeling of strong unity is created. Interconnectedness of IT, IS and Organizational Culture An IS is created so that meaningful information can be derived out of the raw data, therefore it is that an IS is responsible for converting data into information and therefore quantity and quality of the information is important. However the relationship between data, culture and information system is important. Only an effective IS can be developed when there is perfect correlation between these three. And then only information which is meaningful can be obtained and used for managerial purposes. We have discussed that appropriate people in appropriated places is important, another point about the feasibility in terms of technology and finance. If there are no sufficient financial and technological assistance and resources then the application of the IS may not be successful, for example if due to lack of finance some important features of the IS are excluded from the plan then it won’t produce accurate and meaningful results. Another way in which the relationship of IT and organizational can be reviewed can be provided with two questions that whether it is the IT which creates the lines of an organizational culture or whether it is the organizational culture that decides that whether IT solutions should be incorporated or not; answers to these can be this if there is strong feeling among the users of the IS and other supporting staff that the use of IT has resulted into the benefits of some particular group, department or a person then incorporation of computerized solution will form as the firms norms or in other words culture because majority thinks that yes IT is important. However it is also possible that opposite can happen, which can be further elaborated in a way that there have been opposite behaviors in respect of the discussion between the service and manufacturing sector. This is because in manufacturing businesses there is more of manual labor work and computerization and IT is incorporated to a lesser extent thus a culture in manufacturing would be less compatible to the IT, whilst in the service sector more of IT solutions are required and computerization is involved to a larger extent therefore there is strong evidence of the fact that information technology can set the value’s and norms of the firm. Now there is a question that which approach is the best? This is difficult question to answer because the two have enormous effects on each other, but in light of modern business techniques IT/IS solutions have been more effective on the cultural practices, this is because an IS not only automates the flow of data but also provides manage ment with alternatives ways of doing things in respect of efficiency, accuracy, and timeliness. Specific Relationship of Information System and the Organizational Culture It is possible that there exists a conflict between the norms or cultural practices of two groups in an entity. Therefore, it is in vital interest of the firms that these differences are rectified, because when there is one common way of doing things efficiency and timeliness are prone to occur along with economies of scale ( reaching a position when per unit cost is lowest). More specifically these divergences can be that a larger group supports one view and a smaller group supports the contrary this is known as the subculture. Distinction between these two opinions is necessary so that there might be an informatics or an in informational culture. Where informatics is that for example usage of IT is important, and the informational culture is with more detail where it says in order to make correct and accurate decisions IT should be incorporated as the basis of an IS. The first culture is easy to understand but the second one goes into more detail, it also includes in it the first culture and also the organizational behavior and the information data. It however necessary that in order to have a successful transformation of IT into an IS, conversion of informatics culture into the in informational culture is necessary. Informational and Informatics Culture; Features It is now that we have come to know that what are the two cultures now we must discuss that which one is to be transformed into the other through administrative intervention. When we talk about the informatics culture the case is that it only considers the costs of the IT department only in the short term, therefore it ignores the long-term research and development process which can result into the firms inters this is why it is a usual case that firms end up in spending more and earning less from IT centers as proper consideration are not taken when purchasing its equipment and employing staff. However on the contrary the informational culture approach considers the outputs of an IT center to a larger extent; it not only considers the quantitative aspects of the IT solution but also the long-term usefulness to the firms in respects of tactical and strategic planning, it not only sees the IT solution in terms of an IS as cost, but also highlights it advantages and long-term benefits in terms if research and development and therefore upon this approach distributes its cost over its useful life.

Sleep essay Essay Example for Free

Sleep essay Essay Instructions: After logging all data into your sleep diary (including documenting the level of alertness twice a day using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale) write an essay including all of the following topics: Summarize in essay form the amount of sleep you get each night (compare weekdays, weekends, holidays, etc.) and the quality of sleep you get nightly. Discuss in your essay how you are impacted by the amount of sleep you get each night (mood, personality, productiveness, peak performance, academically, socially, etc. ). Explain what times of day you are most alert and how you feel when you are wide awake. How does this impact you daily life? When you were forced to document your sleep cycles, did you find any surprises or interesting facts related to you and your sleep that may impact your friendships, work, academics, career or relationships? Analyze the trends you see in your sleep data (and other information you know about your sleep habits) and discuss any possible changes you would like to make in your sleep habits. You must state a conclusion to your findings and explain why they are significant. Format: All essays must be typed and double spaced in font no larger than 12 pica. Each essay must have a name, period and title (no title pages or covers please). Each essay must be accompanied by at least one illustration relating to your essay. If you use any other resources for information regarding sleep or any other topics in your paper, you must site them using APA format (see e-mail from Mrs. Womble with web site resources). All papers must be stapled I the top left corner and turned in on time.

Minor injury and Illness Assessment in the Community

Minor injury and Illness Assessment in the Community Rebecca Bastow In the following assignment I am going to analyse and evaluate a case of Acute Otitis Media shown in appendix one, by discussing the pathophysiology behind this condition and how important the role of history-taking is as well as, the clinical presentation and the probable examination findings. To further support my findings of the condition I am going to including the special tests that are needed to confirm my diagnosis. Through the utilisation of appropriate evidence, I am going to justify and formulate my treatment plan and referral pathway, taking into consideration the ethical, medico-legal and professional responsibilities relating to the case. Acute otitis media (AOM) can be referred to as the presence of inflammation in the middle ear with possible effusion, its associated signs and symptoms are rapid in onset (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 27). It is evidenced that more than seventy-five percent of cases commonly affects young children under the age of ten, particularly those who are effected by passive smoking, attend nursery and are formula-fed. It is said to have a greater prevalence in males than females (Edwards and Stillman, 2006, p. 129 -137). Consequently, children have a horizontal, less acute angle and shorter Eustachian tube which makes it easier for bacterial enter and more difficult for fluid to move. However, normally it is collapsed but opens with swallowing and positive pressure (Nair and Peate, 2013, p. 565 -566). The recurrence of this infection can cause serious complications such as hearing loss, tympanic membrane perforation, infrequently it can lead to mastoiditis, facial nerve paralysis, sinus thrombo sis, and meningitis (Kivi and Yu, 2016). The presentation in adults and older children is usually reported as earache whereas, young children they may rub and pull on their ear or may present generic symptoms such as fever, continual crying, poor feeding, cough and restlessness at night. Signs and symptoms that are common in AOM consist of red, cloudy or bulging tympanic membrane, pain, pyrexia, headache, tinnitus, nausea and vomiting, reduction in hearing, malaise and otalgia (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). Eustachian tube is situated at the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx and therefore, anatomically connects to the throat and palatine tonsil. Thus, allowing the infection to effect anything that is located in the connected pathways. AOM is a common condition that can be triggered by upper respiratory tract infections (twenty-five percent) either via bacteria or viruses (Nair and Peate, 2015, p. 157). Commonly, it is a virus that is responsible for the infection and is usually self-limiting. Although, other inflammatory conditions can have similar outcomes. Inflammation of the nasopharynx can spread up to the medial end of the Eustachian tube, forming stasis which in turn changes the pressure in the middle ear, relative to ambient pressure (Johnson and Hill-Smith, 2012, p. 34 -35). This level of stasis can result in bacteria settling in the space of the middle ear via the straight pathway from the nasopharynx (Nair and Peate, 2013, p. 565 -566). The prominent causes are reflux, blowing something into a body cavity or aspiration. The bodys natural reaction to acute inflammatory responses is recognised as vasodilation, leukocyte invasion, exudation, phagocytosis and local immunological responses in the middle ear (Nair and Peate, 2015, p. 157). It is said that viral based infections that target and harm mucosal linings of the respiratory tract may assistance bacterias ability to become pathogenic in the nasopharynx, Eustachian tube and the middle ear cleft. Viral infections have been understood in regard to its part in the pathogenesis of AOM yet, it is still not understood what actual role they play (Waseem, M, 2016). Immunology activity can play a vital role in the occurrence of AOM and its results. The nasopharynx also has an important role in the development of AOM, its lymphoid tissues provide a form of protection against pathogens by obstructing their attachment to surfaces of the mucosa (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). There are numerous medico-legal considerations to bear in mind in Annas case due to her only being sixteen years of age (appendix one). The fundamental issue is whether she has mental capacity, it is an act designed to protect those who may lack the mental capacity to make their own decisions on their care and treatment. Which applies to individuals aged sixteen and over (NHS Choices, 2015). Individuals have to be given help to make a decision themselves and the information should be in a format that they can understand easily. If someone makes what is believed to be an unwise decision, they should not be treated as lacking capacity. Treatment and care given to those who lack capacity should be the least restrictive of their rights and freedoms (GOV UK, 2005). Mental capacity is determined by if there is an impairment, disturbance in the function of their mind or brain, as a result of a condition, illness or other external influences. And by whether theses consequently make the indiv idual unable to make specific decisions when they have to. Individuals may lack capacity to make specific decisions but have the capacity to make others (Quality Care Commission, 2016). It can also fluctuate with time, they may lack capacity at one point in time, but may be able to make the same decision at a later point. To be deemed to have mental capacity they must, understand the information pertinent to the decision, retain the information and use the information in the process of making that decision (NHS Choices, 2015). The capacity to consent to treatment has a controversial stance in under sixteen year olds. However, Gillick competence expresses that any child under the age of sixteen can consent, if they have sufficient understanding and intelligence to be capable of making a decision when required (Ministry of Ethics, 2014). This refers to the assessment undertaken by doctors to establish if a child under sixteen is deemed to have to capacity to consent for treatment in the absence of parental or guardian consent. The routine assessment of competence should be suitable for the childs age (NHS Choices, 2016). It could be argued, what is deemed to have sufficient for understanding and intelligence. In Annas case this does not directly apply because she is over that age nonetheless, the transferability is feasible. Children sixteen and over are deemed to have capacity by law and can consent or refuse treatment. If a child sixteen or over is believed to lack capacity, an assessment of capacity to consent needs to be carried out and documented (Quality Care Commission, 2016). Once valid consent to treatment has been attained it should be recorded as evidence, valid consent is where the medical professional has given the child, parents or both the applicable information about the purpose of treatment, as well as risks and possible alternatives (Department of Health, 2009). It is still good practice to provide parents with information however, consent needs to be sought from the child and the extent of information shared should be deliberated (Quality Care Commission, 2016). In regard to safeguarding concerns, information can be shared with parents without consent. Decisions made in the best interest for the individual, regarding care and treatment can be made anyone involved in caring for them, re latives, friends, and any attorney appointed (NHS Choices, 2016). As soon as I had consent from Anna or both Anna and her parents I would take a detailed history from her such as, when the pain started, pain score, characteristics of the pain, whether it is radiating anywhere, any allergies, medical conditions, current medication and social factors (appendix one). A thorough history is critical as it helps establish; potential treatment plans, possible safety netting features, rules out red flags or differential diagnosis (appendix two) which are all grounded on the findings from the physical assessment and special tests (Kavanagh, S, 2015). From observation, examination and palpation; it was recognised that her tonsils red and swollen, her head was inclined to right but was walking normally, otoscopy reviled that the tympanic membrane was cloudy and bulging slightly and her palatine and pre-auricle lymph nodes appeared tender (Douglas et al, 2013, p. 297 -314). The baseline observations showed that she had no significant temperature and all others observations were with normal parameters (appendix one). To support my diagnosis and exclude potential red flags indefinitely I would carry out some special auditory tests. The first type of hearing loss is conductive; this is a problem conducting sound waves along the path of the ear. It can occur anywhere from the outer ear, middle ear or, tympanic membrane (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 11). Sensorineural is the other type of hearing loss, in which the cause is situated in the inner ear, the cochlea or in the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 11). A simple test to establish the level of hearing loss is the Voice test. By observing and engaging in conversation with the patient it is easy to recognise if you need to raise your voice to be heard clearly. A whisper test would help you gain greater perception of their hearing loss (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 13). A more complex and effective test that is greatly used is the Tuning fork test (Burkey et al, 1998). Within this there is two further tests, the first is called the Weber test (appendix three). This is where the tuning fork is hit on a surface to make it vibrate, then the base is placed on the middle of the patients forehead and then ask the patient where they hear this sound. It is normal for the patient to hear it in both ears except those with conductive hearing loss or unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, then it is better heard in one ear (Douglas et al, 2013, p. 303). The Rinnes test (appendix three) should conclude that the sound was louder beside the external aud itory meatus than on the mastoid process this is because air conduction is greater than bone (Rinnes positive), (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 13). This test is conducted by placing the vibrating fork on the mastoid process and then the patient reports when they can no longer hear it. The fork is then placed approximately two centimeters away from the external auditory meatus and asked if they can hear it, the patient then reports when they can no longer hear anything (Douglas et al, 2013, p. 303). However, if the patient informs you that the sound is louder on the mastoid process this means bone is the better conductor of sound (Rinnes negative) and applies to conductive deafness (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 13). A false negative Rinnes test can occur when hearing is very poor in one side, when the fork is placed on the mastoid process of the poor ear the sound can be conducted through the skull and projected to the good ear (Douglas et al, 2013, p. 303). To manage people with initial presentations of AOM paracetamol or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for instance, ibuprofen is used to treat pain and fever. It is evidenced that both of them are effective in relieving pain in children with AOM, and have few adverse effects when the suggested doses are used (Nair and Peate, 2015, p. 157). For the majority of people with AOM a non-antibiotic method is used, this is where they assure patients that antibiotics are not needed and that they make little difference to symptoms. Antibiotics may also have adverse effects and contribute to antibiotic resistance (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 23). A delayed antibiotic prescribing strategy could also be utilised, where they advise patients to commence antibiotics if within four days their symptoms do not improve or if they get substantially worse (Johnson and Hill-Smith, 2012, p. 34 -35). Immediate antibiotics should be given to people that have AOM and are; systemically unwell but admission is not needed, at the risk of complications due to existing diseases, those whose symptoms have continued for four or more days and not getting better, children under the age of two with infection in both ears and children with discharge in the canal or tympanic perforation (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). A five-day co urse of amoxicillin is the first-line of treatment if antibiotics are required. Whereas, people that are allergic to penicillin have erythromycin or clarithromycin as alternatives (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 23). Amoxicillin is shown to be more effective than erythromycin or clarithromycin against the probable pathogens involved in AOM (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). A Cochrane systematic review showed that was no respectable evidence for the routine use of antibiotics in the treatment of AOM in children (Venekamp et al, 2013). Although antibiotics showed to have a statistically significant decrease of children experiencing pain with AOM between day two and seven compared the placebo, eighty-two percent of the childrens symptoms spontaneously improved. It was concluded that the benefits and potential harms of antibiotic treatment must be evaluated, taking into account adverse effects and the possibility of resistance (Venekamp et al, 2013). However, the evidence exposed that they were the most effective against children under two with bilateral AOM, or with both discharge and AOM regardless of age. For the majority of children with mild AOM, an observational method seems acceptable (Venekamp et al, 2013). Another systematic review of the treatment of AOM in children found that compared with short course antibiotics, long courses reduced short-ter m treatment failure, but had no advantages in the longer term in comparison with short courses (Kozyrskyj et al, 2015). Consequently, to manage and treat Annas AOM I would treat her pain with paracetamol or ibuprofen taking into consideration of any allergies and her asthma. I would establish if she has taken ibuprofen before and whether there were any problems. The evidence above shows this condition to be self-limiting and that antibiotics have no significant effect in this condition. It is shown that the public have the most contact with the NHS via general practices, NHS England estimated that approximately one million people access their general practice each day (Comptroller and Auditor General, 2015). The number of direct and telephone contact with patients grew (15.4 percent) throughout all clinical staff in general practices between 2010 and 2015. During that period, the average patient list expanded by ten percent (Baird et al. 2016). It is evident that the non-emergency services like these are being sought by those with conditions that are not serious or life threatening. NHS Direct received roughly 4.4 million calls in 2011 and 2012, 2.7 million calls were made between 2012 and 2013 to NHS 111 and in 2007 and 2008, around 8.6 million calls were received by the GP out-of-hours services (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2014). In Annas case of AOM it is evident that she is asymptomatic, the spread of infection has clearly tracked down from the nasopharynx, Eustachian tube, throat, tonsils to the palatine and pre-auricle lymph nodes. It directly corresponds with the physical assessment and the initial history of the conditions presentation therefore, ruling out a differential diagnosis. The no antibiotic framework above is evidently effective, I have concluded that an analgesic (paracetamol) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (ibuprofen) approach would be adapted and advised to manage Annas pain. This also demonstrates the importance of history taking as Anna has only had these symptoms for two days, indicating that this treatment is the most appropriate. It is apparent that Anna does not require hospitalisation so I would need to leave her with the appropriate safety netting in place. Thus, if she was at home or at school when the incident occurred and her parents or teacher were present and content with mo nitoring her, I would leave the same advice as shown above. I would also advice Anna to go and see her GP if her symptoms worsen or persist for four or more days. It is documented that general practices are well-versed in the management of these non-urgent conditions if they develop or worsen. Similarly, it is evidence that the public are aware of which service to pursue if they experience any similar acute conditions. These actions would only be taken once the red flags were ruled out through the tests and assessments conducted above. In summary acute otitis media is usually a self-limiting condition that resolves by itself without the input of antibiotics subsequently, it is likely that Anna will not need any further involvement form any other healthcare professional. References (2017). Differential Diagnosis. Available: https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/3935/Otitis-media/Differential-Diagnosis. Last accessed 25-01-17. Baird, B., Charles. A., Honeyman. M., Maguire, D. and Das, P. (2016). Understanding pressures in general practice. Available: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/field/field_publication_file/Understanding-GP-pressures-Kings-Fund-May-2016.pdf. Last accessed 25-01-17. Burkey, J, Lippy, W, Schuring, A and Rizer, F. (1998). Clinical Utility of the 512-Hz Rinne Tuning Fork Test. Available: https://www.mm3admin.co.za/documents/docmanager/6e64f7e1-715e-4fd6-8315-424683839664/00023361.pdf. Last accessed 17-01-17. Comptroller and Auditor General. (2015). Department of Health and NHS England: Stocktake of access to general practice in England. Available: https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20151008%20Brief%20guide%20-%20Capacity%20and%20consent%20in%20under%2018s%20FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 27-01-17. Department of Health. (2009). Reference guide to consent. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/138296/dh_103653__1_.pdf. Last accessed 23-01-17. Douglas, G., Nicol, F and Robertson, C (2013). Macleods Clinical Examination. 13th ed. Edinburgh: Elvsevier. P. 297 -308. Edwards, C and Stillman, P (2006). Minor Illness or Major Disease? The clinical pharmacist in the community. 4th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 129 -137. GOV UK. (2005). Mental Capacity Act 2005. Available: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/pdfs/ukpga_20050009_en.pdf. Last accessed 28-01-17. Johnson, G and Hill-Smith, I (2012). The Minor Illness Manual. 4th ed. London: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. p. 25 -41. Kavanagh, S. (2015). History Taking. Available: http://patient.info/doctor/history-taking. Last accessed 28-01-17. Kivi, R and Yu, W. (2016). Acute Otitis Media. Available: http://www.healthline.com/health/ear-infection-acute. Last accessed 19-01-17. Kozyrskyj, A., Klassen, T., Moffatt, M and Harvey, K. (2015). Short-course antibiotics for acute otitis media. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001095.pub2/full. Last accessed 29-01-17. Ministry of Ethics. (2014). Common Law: Gillick V West Norfolk AND Wisbech Area Health Authority 1984-5. Available: http://www.ministryofethics.co.uk/index.php?p=7q=2. Last accessed 20-01-17. Munir, N and Clarke, R (2013). Ear, Nose and Throat at a Glance. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 22 -27. Nair, M and Peate, I (2013). Fundermentals of Applied Pathophysiology: An essential guide for nursing and healthcare students. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. p. 565 -566. Nair, M and Peate, I (2015). Pathophysiology for Nurses at a Glance. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p.155 -157. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014). NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE SCOPE: Service delivery and organisation for acute medical emergencies. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/gid-cgwave0734/resources/acute-medical-emergencies-in-adults-and-young-people-service-guidance-final-scope2. Last accessed 18-01-17. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2015). Otitis media acute: Scenario: Acute otitis media initial presentation. Available: https://cks.nice.org.uk/otitis-media-acute#!scenario. Last accessed 20-01-17. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2015). Otitis media acute Summary. Available: https://cks.nice.org.uk/otitis-media-acute#!topicsummary. Last accessed 20-01-17. NHS Choices. (2015). What is the Mental Capacity Act? . Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/social-care-and-support-guide/Pages/mental-capacity.aspx. Last accessed 30-01-17. NHS Choices. (2016). Consent to treatment Children and young people . Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Consent-to-treatment/Pages/Children-under-16.aspx. Last accessed 21-01-17. Quality Care Commission. (2016). Brief guide: capacity and competence in under 18s. Available: https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20151008%20Brief%20guide%20-%20Capacity%20and%20consent%20in%20under%2018s%20FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 20-01-17. Venekamp, RP., Sanders, S., Glasziou, PP., Del Mar, CB and Rovers, MM. (2013). Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children (Review). Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub3/pdf. Last accessed 18-01-17. Waseem, M. (2016). Acute Otitis: Pathophysiology. Available: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994656-overview. Last accessed 25-01-17. Appendix 1 Patient: 16-year-old woman called Anna PC: Pain in right ear HPC: Anna has had pain in her throat and right ear for the last two days and describes feeling under the weather. SOCRATES- Site Pain in throat and right ear. Onset last 2 days. Character- sharp pain in ear throat feels scratchy. Radiation some radiation down towards neck. Associated symptoms No systemic signs. Ear feels full and patient describes difficulty hearing. Timing constant. Exacerbating/Relieving factors- none. Severity- 4/10 PMH: Mild asthma, brought on by exertion. Anna had a number of ear infections when she was younger but hasnt had any for at least two years. DH: Salbutamol PRN Allergies: Elastoplast- Contact dermatitis Alcohol/Smoking: Anna reports drinking occasionally with her friends but does not smoke. Occ H: Student SH: Lives at home with her parents and younger brother (12). O/E: OBS: T: 37.2C, P: 85 reg, RR: 12, BP: 110/75, SpO2: 98% room air Walking normally, with head inclined to the right. Examination of the external ear is normal; palatine and pre-auricle lymph nodes tender; tonsils red and swollen; tympanic membrane cloudy and bulging slightly. In analyse and evaluate the case by discussing the pathophysiology of the condition and how this relates to the history-taking, clinical presentation and likely examination findings, including any special tests that may be required to diagnose the condition. You should then formulate a treatment plan and referral decision justified by critical analysis, taking the ethical, medico-legal and professional responsibilities of the case into account. Appendix 2 Differential Diagnosis of Otitis media Disease/Condition Differentiating Signs/Symptoms Differentiating Tests Otitis media with effusion Typically, the middle ear effusion is asymptomatic. On otoscopy these patients have an effusion of any color, air fluid levels, or bubbles with normal tympanic membrane landmarks. Myringitis These patients may have no symptoms attributable to the middle ear. On otoscopy there is erythema and injection of the tympanic membrane in the neutral position without other features of otitis media Mastoiditis There is edema, erythema, and tenderness over the mastoid process. Diagnosis is clinical based on history and examination. A CT scan may be warranted if symptoms are severe (to exclude abscess formation) or if the diagnosis is uncertain. Cholesteatoma Patients may present with painless otorrhea and hearing loss. Opacification of the tympanic membrane may lead to a misdiagnosis of AOM. Diagnosis is based on the history and clinical findings. Imaging is rarely necessary. (2017). Differential Diagnosis. Available: https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/3935/Otitis-media/Differential-Diagnosis. Last accessed 25-01-17. Appendix 3 Special Auditory Tests (2015). Rinne-Weber. Available: http://wikige.wikia.com/wiki/Rinne-Weber. Last accessed 25-01-17.

Skipping Christmas Essay -- essays research papers

Skipping Christmas starts out at the gate in an airport. Luther and Nora Krank are there with their daughter Blair, waiting for a flight to Miami that will eventually bring her to eastern Peru, where she is going with the Peace Corps. They all say their goodbyes and the parents leave. Nora is very upset, while Luther isn’t so much. On the way home they stop at a store for white chocolate and pistachios. Luther unwillingly goes in to get it and finds every little thing a hindrance. He is easily annoyed, and doesn’t get the white chocolate. Nora then has to go in the store to get it, and she does so with much annoyance. While Nora is in the store, Luther daydreams about not having to do the Christmas season. That night, Nora was restless. She was pacing and going from room to room. She finally lay back in bed, rolling and flinching and moving, trying to get the attention of Luther so she could talk about Blair’s safety again. Luther didn’t move, and when Nora was finally asleep, he snuck out of the room to the basement office to evaluate last Christmas’s spending. He found that $6,100 was spent on Christmas. With this new information, he took a trip down to the travel agency during work the next day. He made his choice the 10 day Island Princess cruise. That night, during dinner he attacked Nora with the idea. Using brochures and spreadsheets, he showed her the facts. She finally accepted to skip Christmas, as long as she could still donate $600 to charitable donations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later, Nora received a call from the Card Store owner, and had to tell him she was not ordering cards, but did not tell him why. Luther, the same day, was writing a letter to his colleagues, telling them that he would not be participating in the normal Christmas rituals. The next day, the boy scouts came by, selling their Christmas trees. Luther had to tell them they were skipping Christmas, and a few minutes later they found a crowd congregated at their driveway, staring up at the house. That night, Luther went for a walk. He noticed his neighbors doing what the Kranks were avoiding, and he felt good about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was lunchtime, and Nora was at lunch with two of her friends. The card man called her again, and she was forced to tell her friends about skipping Christmas, which meant everyone will know by dinner. During work, Luther wa... ...d Luther dangling painfully by his ankle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The medics came and got Luther down, and he explained to the entire watching neighborhood what they were doing. Vic Frohmeyer organized a party quickly and sent everyone to work. He sent the policeman to go get Blair, and the Kranks went inside to rest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enrique and Blair came into the airport and were found by the police officers, who raced them home. When they got home they were greeted by the whole neighborhood. They talked to everybody and her parents were very impressed with him. Enrique received a lot of reissued gifts from the neighbors and they then went to dinner. Afterwards, they sang a few carols before Enrique and Martin, the man Nora saw in the store, sang and played guitar to a few Peruvian Christmas carols.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the Peruvian songs continued, Luther snuck out to the Scheel’s house. He gave them his cruise vacation as a Christmas present. Bev had been given six month’s by her doctor. They were overwhelmed with joy when they were given this. As Luther walked back across the street, for the first time, he was filled with the joy of Christmas.

The Lost Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Lost Iago in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s Othello the sinister nature of the ancient casts a pall of uneasiness over the narrative of the play. How can the evil influence of one character be so pervasive? Let us in this essay probe his character and find answers to our questions.    In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne exposes Iago’s inability to praise women when Desdemona asks him how he would do it:    Iago’s worry that he cannot do what Desdemona asks implies that his dispraise of women was candid and easily produced, while the praise requires labour and inspiration from a source beyond himself. His insufficiency is more surprising because elsewhere in the play Iago appears as a master rhetorician, but as Bloch explains, ‘the misogynistic writer uses rhetoric as a means of renouncing it, and, by extension, woman.’ (163)    First of all, Iago’s very words paint him for what he is. Robert Di Yanni in â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue† states that the evil antagonist reveals his character quite plainly through his speech:    Iago’s language reveals his coarseness; he crudely reduces sexual love to animal copulation. It also shows his ability to make things happen: he has infuriated Brabantio. The remainder of the scene shows the consequences of his speech, its power to inspire action. Iago is thus revealed as both an instigator and a man of crude sensibilities. (123)    And looking within Iago for the cause can yield the answer that the ancient is psychologically sick. In Shakespeare’s Four Giants Blanche Coles comments on the mental illness that appears to afflict the despicable Iago:    When such old time critics as H. N. Hudson, who wrote ne... ...o: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.

Hamlet - Ophelias Identity Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet - Ophelia's Identity There are volumes of critical analyses devoted to William Shakespeare's Hamlet. As the title indicates, Hamlet is the main character of the play, but there are other characters who are also important to the plot. So much attention has been given to Hamlet's antics that characters such as Ophelia remain relatively unexamined. Ophelia is a key figure in the play, and to understand her reactions to the patriarchal society in which she lives through her relationships with the men in her life adds more depth to the play. Ophelia's character is revealed through her relationships with her father, Polonius, her brother, Laertes, and her lover, Hamlet, and their characters in turn are revealed through their relationships to her. The first opportunity to gain insight into tOphelia's behavior comes early in the play when her brother, Laertes, advises her to steer clear of Hamlet. He tells her that even though her body is grown her mind and emotions are not yet mature. Ophelia replies, "I shall the effect of this good lesson keep, / As watchman to my heart" but she later proves that she does not intend to follow Laertes' advice because she is still willing to be with Hamlet (1.3.47-48). In fact it is Hamlet's rejection of her that keeps her from him, not Laertes' advice. She further states, "Do not, as some ungracious pastors do, / Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven, / Whilst, like a puffed and reckless libertine, / Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads / And recks not his own rede" (1.3.49-53). Ophelia means that her brother should hold himself to the same standards he imposes on her. She also equates sexual abstinence with "the steep and thorny way" and sexual participation with... ...ed her manner of behavior. Along these same lines Hamlet has been responsible for her feelings. If he loves her, she is happy, and if he loves her not, she is not. It is through these relationships that she knows how to live, and in the absence of this knowledge and direction she commits suicide. Works Cited Berman, Allison. "We Only Find Ourselves." Hamlet reaction papers. Wynnewood: FCS, 2000. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. 1600? Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Signet Classic, 1998. Showalter, Elaine. "Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism." Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994. 220-238. Wofford, Susanne L., ed. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism, William Shakespeare: The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994. Hamlet - Ophelia's Identity Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet Essays Hamlet - Ophelia's Identity There are volumes of critical analyses devoted to William Shakespeare's Hamlet. As the title indicates, Hamlet is the main character of the play, but there are other characters who are also important to the plot. So much attention has been given to Hamlet's antics that characters such as Ophelia remain relatively unexamined. Ophelia is a key figure in the play, and to understand her reactions to the patriarchal society in which she lives through her relationships with the men in her life adds more depth to the play. Ophelia's character is revealed through her relationships with her father, Polonius, her brother, Laertes, and her lover, Hamlet, and their characters in turn are revealed through their relationships to her. The first opportunity to gain insight into tOphelia's behavior comes early in the play when her brother, Laertes, advises her to steer clear of Hamlet. He tells her that even though her body is grown her mind and emotions are not yet mature. Ophelia replies, "I shall the effect of this good lesson keep, / As watchman to my heart" but she later proves that she does not intend to follow Laertes' advice because she is still willing to be with Hamlet (1.3.47-48). In fact it is Hamlet's rejection of her that keeps her from him, not Laertes' advice. She further states, "Do not, as some ungracious pastors do, / Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven, / Whilst, like a puffed and reckless libertine, / Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads / And recks not his own rede" (1.3.49-53). Ophelia means that her brother should hold himself to the same standards he imposes on her. She also equates sexual abstinence with "the steep and thorny way" and sexual participation with... ...ed her manner of behavior. Along these same lines Hamlet has been responsible for her feelings. If he loves her, she is happy, and if he loves her not, she is not. It is through these relationships that she knows how to live, and in the absence of this knowledge and direction she commits suicide. Works Cited Berman, Allison. "We Only Find Ourselves." Hamlet reaction papers. Wynnewood: FCS, 2000. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. 1600? Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Signet Classic, 1998. Showalter, Elaine. "Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism." Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994. 220-238. Wofford, Susanne L., ed. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism, William Shakespeare: The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994.

Out of the Ashes: Schizophrenia

Nowadays, society sees schizophrenia seems like an outdated topic. A topic not many seem to care about. A topic that is not even taboo, because many do not even know about it. However, this topic is affecting so many on a day to day basis. Worldwide, about one percent of people are diagnosed with this mental illness. That is 1.5 million people. Even worse, sixty percent of everyone that suffers from schizophrenia makes at least one attempt to commit suicide (WebMD).That is 900,000 people. That is three cruise ships filled with people (Mental Health Schizophrenia). That is one full football stadium. Some may ask themselves, what is schizophrenia? Well according to the National Institute of Mental Illnesses â€Å"schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.† (NIMH). Schizophrenia is caused by genetics, biology and sometimes even viral infections. Schizophrenia has been misunderstood throughout the years; It is characterized by a shift in perception, disturbed sense of self and psychotic manifestations.A shift in perception can not only affect the patient's emotions, but it can also greatly impact their physical life. Schizophrenics suffer from various shifts in perceptions that makes them change the way they act, not only physically but also mentally. When you suffer from schizophrenia you develop many symptoms. Meanwhile, many were not discovered until the mid-1990s. However, Schizophrenia was discovered back in 1887 by Doctor Emile Kraepelin. Before Kraepelin however, many believed people with psychotic disorders were possessed. This caused the treatment to be electric shock therapy, exorcisms, lobotomy and even drilling a hole in the patient's eye socket which left patients with worse mental health than what they started with. This type of treatment started to be popularized with schizophrenia patients in the middle ages until the late 1880s. Schizophrenia and its treatments are one of the main reasons why society now know mental asylums as dark and scary places. When The Priory of Saint Mary of Bethlehem was founded to try to treat ‘mad men'. They believed this illness came from supernatural forces such as demons. By the patients seeing hallucinations and delusions was basically proof of a demonic possession. They were treated so badly, most of the ‘mad men' that attended the mental asylum ended up dying, either by experiments, failed treatments or suicide. Today Kraepelin was the first to differentiate between what he called dementia praecox and manic depression. According to Psychology Today â€Å"The oldest available description of an illness closely resembling schizophrenia can be found in the Ebers papyrus, which dates back to the Egypt of 1550 BC. And archaeological discoveries of Stone Age skulls with burr holes drilled into them (presumably to release ‘evil spirits') have led to speculation that schizophrenia is as old as mankind itself† (Burton, M.D.). The first doctor to coin the term Schizophrenia and notice the patients shift in perception was Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler back in 1911. Schizophrenia comes from Greek roots schizo (split) and phrene (mind) as a reference to showing how the patient's brain works. Schizophrenia brings you to a point where the patient has a disturbed sense of self. This has happened to not only to unknown patients but many well-known people and celebrities have suffered through forgetting who they are and why they are here. This list includes many people, for example, the ex-singer and founder of Pink Floyd. Syd Barrett's real name was Roger Barrett, and he used his real name for much of his life, which started in 1946 and ended in 2006 by pancreatic cancer. He was an English songwriter, singer and guitarist best known as a founding member and songwriter of the rock band Pink Floyd. Barrett's partnership with the band finished after failure to perform during concerts various times. These were speculated to be caused by delusions and hallucinations, two very common schizophrenia symptoms. He had been the main songwriter which greatly affected how the band worked after his resignation. Barrett withdrew from the public after that, but released two solo albums in 1970 called â€Å"The Madcap Laughs† and â€Å"Barrett† Pink Floyd went on to become massively popular and successful, their style evolving towards progressive rock since their songwriter left. Syd/Roger Barrett lived a simple and solitary life, receiving royalty payments from his ex-band. His access to spending money had been controlled by his family (Willis 143). There has been much speculation about why Barrett ceased to be a member of Pink Floyd, withdrew from the public eye, shunned his own fans, left behind the nickname that he had never himself used or liked. Syd/Roger was diagnosed with the mental illness after an apparent heavy usage of LSD. According to his family and close friends, he did LSD nearly every day for years. After his resignation of Pink Floyd, he did not just start having atrocious hallucinations daily but also he fell into clinical depression. This leads to another story of a maybe one of the most famous artists of all time. Vincent Van Gogh. He had an eccentric personality and unstable moods suffered from recurrent psychotic episodes during the last two years of his extraordinary life and committed suicide at the age of thirty-seven by a gunshot. (Blumer) According to PsychiatryOnline.org â€Å"One of Van Gogh's psychiatrists recognized the crucial role of alcohol in the manifestation of Van Gogh's major psychiatric symptoms. By his own confession, Van Gogh required â€Å"a glass too much† to numb his inner storms when they became too intense. The artist was not known to become intoxicated and may not have been drinking more than many of his contemporaries, but he was particularly vulnerable to the epileptogenic properties of absinthe, the favourite drink of the French artists of his time† (Blumer). The well-known part of Schizophrenia is the symptom of psychotic manifestations. According to Healthline.com â€Å"Psychosis is characterized by an impaired relationship with reality. And it is a symptom of serious mental disorders. People who are psychotic may have either hallucinations or delusions† (Carey, P.H.D.). Hallucinations are sensory manifestations, they occur mostly visually or auditory. For example, someone might hear someone yelling when nobody is there. Or maybe they see someone or something that isn't actually there. These for the patient seem real. They also experience delusions, which is for the person to have a contrary thought to actual evidence. For example, the patient thinking a stranger they just met wants to kill them. These symptoms are powerful and dangerous. Strangely, these symptoms are the most attacked by society. Many believe these delusions and hallucinations are made up and make up false beliefs about this. Some false ideas are: Schizophrenics have multiple personalities, them being possessed, the patients are faking it and even that it's not an illness. The first one is made up because as clearly stated before, the symptoms of schizophrenia have nothing to do with that. The illness in which the patient have multiple personalities is a psychiatric phenomenon called DID, which stands for dissociative identity disorder, which involves the patient has multiple personalities which each have their own voice, manners and characteristics. This illness can be seen perfectly in the movie Split (2016) by M. Night Shyamalan. This is not schizophrenia. Schizophrenics might hear voices but they only have one personality. The second hoax is the possession myth. This myth is mostly believed by Catholics. This myth comes back from middle ages as mentioned before.In conclusion, many schizophrenics are seen ever since the beginning of mental illnesses, many are affected by it and almost all society says about it is fake. All in all, if you or someone you know is suffering from schizophrenia, please get help immediately and know that no matter your illness â€Å"I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.† (Philippians 4:13). Help is always there and never forget Jesus loves you. Schizophrenia has been underestimated to a point where society only knows it's characterized by a change in view, confused sense of self and psychotic ideals. Works Citedâ€Å"A Brief History of Schizophrenia.† Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/201209/brief-history-schizophrenia.â€Å"Biological Basis of Schizophrenia.† Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/biological-basis-of-schizophrenia.â€Å"Divine Madness – a History of Schizophrenia.† History Cooperative, 19 Sept. 2016, historycooperative.org/divine-madness-a-history-of-schizophrenia/.â€Å"Famous People with Schizophrenia: 6 Schizophrenic Celebrities.† WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/ss/slideshow-schizophrenia-famous-names.Marlene, Lili. â€Å"Incorrect Pleasures.† The Interesting Case of Syd Barrett, 1 Jan. 1970, incorrectpleasures.blogspot.com.co/2009/11/interesting-case-of-syd-barrett-for.html.â€Å"Psychosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Risk Factors.† Healthline, Healthline Media, www.healthline.com/health/psychosis.Schiller, Lori, and Amanda Bennett. The Quiet Room: a Journey out of the Torment of Madness. Grand Central Publishing, 2011.†Schizophrenia.† Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/schizophrenia.â€Å"Schizophrenia.† Mental Health America, 29 Mar. 2017, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/schizophrenia#symptoms.â€Å"Schizophrenia.† Mental Health America, 29 Mar. 2017, www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/schizophrenia.â€Å"Schizophrenia.† National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/.â€Å"Schizophrenia.† Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/schizophrenia.â€Å"Schizophrenia and Suicide.† WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-and-suicide.â€Å"Schizophrenia Symptoms, Patterns And Statistics And Patterns.† Mental Help Schizophrenia Symptoms Patterns and Statistics and Patterns Comments, https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/schizophrenia-symptoms-patterns-and-statistics-and-patterns/â€Å"The Illness of Vincent Van Gogh.† American Journal of Psychiatry, ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519.The History of Schizophrenia, schizophrenia.com/history.htm#.Willis, Tim. Madcap: the Half-Life of Syd Barrett, Pink Floyd's Lost Genius. Short Books, 2002.